1. How many
people died in the Great Leap Forward.
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Okay, so I need to figure out how many people died during the Great Leap Forward. Hmm, I remember that the Great Leap Forward was a campaign in China started by Mao Zedong in the late 1950s, aiming to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian society into a communist society through industrialization and collectivization. But things didn't go as planned. There was a lot of famine and economic trouble.
Wait, the question is about the number of deaths. I think the death toll here is a matter of historical debate. I've heard estimates ranging from 15 million to over 50 million. But why such a big range? Maybe different methodologies or sources? Some might count direct starvation, others include related causes like disease or lower birth rates.
I recall that the Great Leap Forward led to the Great Chinese Famine, which is considered one of the worst famines in history. The policies implemented, like collectivizing agriculture into communes, backyard steel production, and the diversion of resources to industry, caused agricultural disruption. This led to a massive drop in food production. Also, there were issues with reporting accurate crop yields; local officials over-reported to meet quotas, leading to more grain being taken away than was available, exacerbating the famine.
So, the death toll isn't just people starving to death but also deaths from diseases that come with malnutrition, like edema, and increased mortality from lack of healthcare. Additionally, there might be indirect deaths from forced labor or suicides.
But the numbers vary. Some sources I’ve seen mention around 30 million as a common estimate. Frank Dikötter's book "Mao's Great Famine" suggests up to 45 million deaths due to starvation, overwork, and state violence. However, the Chinese government's official stance has been more conservative, possibly not acknowledging the full extent.
Other factors include the difficulty in getting accurate records from that period, as the chaos and poor administration might have led to incomplete death registrations. Also, the time frame: the Great Leap Forward was from 1958 to 1962, but the worst of the famine was around 1959-1961. So deaths during those years are usually counted.
Demographers use methods like comparing expected population growth with actual numbers, considering birth rates and mortality rates. The baseline would be the pre-famine trends. The difference between the projected population and the actual population gives an estimate of excess deaths. This includes not just deaths but also the decrease in births, which some might refer to as "missing" people.
So, putting this together, the consensus among many scholars is that the death toll is in the tens of millions. The most frequently cited estimates are between 15 million to 45 million, with many scholars settling around 30 million as a middle-ground estimate. But I need to check if there's a more precise number or if the range is the best answer available. Also, note that some sources might have different numbers based on new research or access to previously unavailable data.
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The Great Leap Forward (1958–1962), a campaign led by Mao Zedong to rapidly industrialize China and collectivize agriculture, resulted in one of the deadliest famines in history. Scholarly estimates of excess deaths vary widely due to differences in methodology, data sources, and definitions of famine-related mortality. Key points include:
Range of Estimates: Most scholars cite 15 million to 45 million deaths, with 20 million to 30 million frequently referenced as a central estimate.
Causes: Deaths stemmed not only from starvation but also from diseases exacerbated by malnutrition, forced labor, political violence, and collapse of social services.
Methodology: Demographers often calculate "excess deaths" by comparing actual mortality rates to pre-famine trends, accounting for reduced birth rates ("missing births") as part of the demographic impact.
Controversy: The Chinese government historically downplayed the toll, but archival studies post-1980s, such as those by Frank Dikötter (Mao’s Great Famine), suggest higher figures tied to policy failures and repression.
In summary, while exact numbers remain debated, 30 million deaths is a commonly cited estimate in academic literature, reflecting both direct and indirect consequences of the Great Leap Forward's catastrophic policies.
2. top_p、CFG
Weight、Seed、temperature
1. top_p（0.95）
top_p:
Lower value (0.7 - 0.9): More deterministic,
structured
output.决定论（排除自由意志，认为个性或行为均由环境和自己不能控制的因素所决定）
Higher value (close to 1.0): More diverse, creative
output.
2. CFG Weight
CFG Weight:
Higher value (7.0 to 20.0): Strong adherence to the
text prompt, less creative freedom.坚持；遵守；遵循
Lower value (3.0 to 7.0): More creative freedom,
less adherence to the text prompt.
Ultimately, the "best" values depend on your specific use case: - For
consistent, less creative tasks: Seed = fixed value; Temperature
= 0.2 - 0.5.一致的；始终如一的 - For diverse and creative
outputs: Seed = random or unspecified; Temperature = 0.7 -
1.0.
